Albany County School District #1

University of Wyoming Laboratory School 

Middle School Curriculum Guide 

Grades 6-8

2024-2025

1000 E University Ave, Department 3374

Laramie, WY 82071

Phone: (307) 721-2155

Annual Public Notice of Nondiscrimination:

This notice shall serve to advise students, parents, employees, and the general public that ACSD #1 does not discriminate in any manner because of race, color, creed, religion, national origin, ancestry, sex, disability, sexual orientation, or age in its programs and activities. ACSD#1 Career and Technical Education (CTE) department does not discriminate in enrollment or access to any of the programs or activities available, including, but not limited to computer technology, business and marketing, agriculture, culinary arts, woodworking, child development, automotive, health sciences, and engineering principles. CTE course descriptions are described in the LHS, WHS, and RRHS curriculum guides and made available online (https://www.acsd1.org). The lack of English language skills shall not be a barrier to admission or participation in the activities and programs. Albany County School District #1 also does not discriminate in its hiring or employment practices.

This notice is provided as required by the Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Questions, complaints, or requests for additional information may be forwarded to the designated ACSD#1 compliance coordinators. Title VI, Title IX, Section 504, and ADA may be referred to Albany County School District #1 and also be made to the Office for Civil Rights, Region VIII, U.S. Department of Education, Federal Building, Suite 310, 1244 Speer Blvd., Denver, Colorado 80204-3582, (303)844-5695 or TDD (303) 844-3417, OCR.Denver@ed.gov.

Inquiries related to compliance with this notice may be addressed to:

Jeffery Lewis – Director of Student Services which includes being the Title IX Coordinator and Section 504 Coordinator (relating to discrimination based on disability)

509 S.9th St,

Laramie, WY 82070 jlewis@acsd1.org

307-721-4460

OR you can contact:

Office for Civil Rights

1244 Speer Blvd., Suite 310

Denver, CO 80204-3582 OCR.Denver@ed.gov

303-844-5695

Individuals with concerns or questions regarding discrimination in the provision of employment are advised to contact Nathan Cowper – ACSD#1 Chief Human Resource Officer, 1948 Grand Ave., Laramie, WY, 82070, ncowper@acsd1.org, (307)-721-4400.

In addition, individuals with concerns regarding equitable access should also contact Nathan Cowper – ACSD#1 Chief Human Resource Officer, 1948 Grand Ave., Laramie, WY, 82070, ncowper@acsd1.org, (307)-721-4400.

TABLE OF CONTENTS  

REGISTRATION 4

TO THE FAMILIES 4

TO THE STUDENTS 4

SCHEDULE CHANGES 4

COURSE REQUIREMENTS 4

GRADING GUIDE 5

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS (ELA) 5

MATHEMATICS 5-7

SCIENCE 7

SOCIAL STUDIES  7

WORLD LANGUAGE 7-8

VISUAL ARTS 8-9

PERFORMING ARTS 9-11

AGRICULTURE 11

TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA, & STEM 11-12

PHYSICAL EDUCATION 12-13

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 13-14

APPENDIX A: MATH PLACEMENT PROTOCOL 15-16

APPENDIX B: SCHEDULE CHANGE REQUESTS 17

REGISTRATION 

TO OUR FAMILIES: 

This guide was created to enlist your aid in planning next year’s course of study for your student and also to acquaint you with the requirements for each grade level in our multi-age learning environment. You are urged to consider your student’s choices carefully in order to assure them the maximum benefit from the available opportunities

TO OUR  STUDENTS: 

You are being asked to make some very important decisions regarding your academic program through course selections for the 2024-2025 school year. This guide provides the course descriptions and other important information you need to make careful and mature choices. Review the course offerings with your families and teachers before making your decisions. Read the course descriptions carefully. Be sure you meet the prerequisites and have teacher approval, if required, before you sign up for a course. 

SCHEDULE CHANGES: 

Make your registration choices wisely, and be sure to list alternate elective courses in the event your first choice is closed or in conflict with another course. Schedule changes may be requested to the principal or counselor within the first ten days (two weeks) of each semester. Please use the schedule change request form in Appendix B. Schedule changes are subject to availability. 

If any course does not have the minimum number of students registered, it may be dropped. Final decisions will be made on an individual course basis by the school administration. 

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

*As determined by math placement protocol (see Appendix A)

GRADING GUIDE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS (ELA) 

LLA200 English Language Arts 6-8

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Year

This course will integrate reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills.  Students will read and analyze a variety of informational and literary works, write a variety of texts, and present information using multiple formats for authentic purposes and place-based learning.  Students will continue to develop the English Language Arts skills outlined in the 6th - 8th grade Common Core State Standards.  Emphasis will be on integration with other subject areas, especially 6-8 Literacy in History/Social Studies. The curriculum is delivered using project-based and inquiry-based models.

MATHEMATICS  

Please see Appendix A for math sequences and placement criteria.

LMA206 COURSE 1 

Grade open to: 6 Term: Year

In Course 1 students focus on making connections, discovering relationships, and figuring out what strategies to use in solving problems. These strategies will be used to solve problems involving portions, integers, variables, ratios, multiplying fractions, area, dividing, building expressions, rates, statistics, equations, volume, and percentages. 

LMA206207 COURSE 1/2 

Grade open to: 6               Term: Year

Course 1/2 is an accelerated class in which students cover the Course 1 and Course 2 curriculum in one year. The first half of the year focuses on the Course 1 content which covers discovering relationships and problem-solving strategies. These strategies are used to solve problems involving proportions, integers, variables, ratios, multiplying/dividing fractions, rates, percentages, and statistics. The second half of the year covers the Course 2 content which focuses on operations with integers, simplifying and expanding algebraic expressions, solving algebraic equations and inequalities, recognizing and solving direct and indirect proportions, working with angle properties, straight lines, and constructions, finding surface area and volume of two- and three-dimensional shapes, statistics, and probability. 

LMA207 COURSE 2 

Grade open to: 7             Term: Year

Course 2 focuses on operations with integers, simplifying and expanding algebraic expressions, solving algebraic equations and inequalities, recognizing and solving direct and indirect proportions, working with angle properties, straight lines, and constructions, finding surface area and volume of two- and three-dimensional shapes, statistics, and probability. 

LMA207208 COURSE 2/3

Grade open to:  7 Term: Year

Course 2/3 is an accelerated class in which students cover the Course 2 and Course 3 curriculum in one year. The first half of the year focuses on the Course 2 content which focuses on operations with integers, simplifying and expanding algebraic expressions, solving algebraic equations and inequalities, recognizing and solving direct and indirect proportions, working with angle properties, straight lines, and constructions, finding surface area and volume of two- and three-dimensional shapes, statistics, and probability. The second half of the year covers Course 3 content which focuses on a variety of Algebra topics including exponents, scientific notation, linear equations (solving and graphing), systems of equations, functions, statistics, and probability. Course 3 will also cover a variety of geometry topics including the Pythagorean Theorem, geometric transformations, congruence and similarity, and volume and surface area of non-rectangular solids.

Course not available in 2023-2024.

LMA208 COURSE 3 

Grade open to: 7 and  8 Term: Year

Course 3 is a yearlong course that will cover a variety of Algebra topics including: exponents, scientific notation, linear equations (solving and graphing), systems of equations, functions, statistics, and probability. Course 3 will also cover a variety of geometry topics including the Pythagorean Theorem, geometric transformations, congruence and similarity, and volume and surface area of non-rectangular solids. 

LMA209 ALGEBRA 1 

Grade open to: 8 Term: Year

Algebra 1 is a yearlong course that will review, at a higher and more rigorous level, topics covered in Course 3 (the coordinate plane, solving multi-step equations, ratio and proportions, linear equations, linear systems, exponents and exponential relationships, statistics, and probability, functions, and 

inequalities—among other things). This course will also introduce and explore the topics of systems of linear inequalities, quadratics, and higher-degree polynomials. This course will be graded on a traditional 100-point weighted average system.

SCIENCE 

LSC200 SCIENCE 6-8

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Year

This course will integrate life science; earth and space science; physical science; engineering, technology, and applications of science; science and engineering practices; and cross cutting science concepts. Students will anchor their learning in phenomenon-based instruction and authentic learning experiences such as place-based, outdoor, and project-based learning.

SOCIAL STUDIES 

LSS200 SOCIAL STUDIES 6/7

Grade open to: 6, 7 Term: Year

This course will integrate civics, culture/cultural identity, economics, history, geography, and technology to examine eras and regions.  Each year will include a component of the Center for Civic Education’s programming, such as We The People or Project Citizen. Each year will include an economic simulation to evaluate the role of economics in historic and contemporary contexts.  Rotating annual units include: Latin America, Africa, and The Silk Road. Westward Expansion, indigenous history, and Wyoming history are integrated into annual outdoor education and field studies programming. Wyoming Content and Performance Standards are addressed using project-based and inquiry-based models.

LSS201 SOCIAL STUDIES 8

Grade open to: 8 Term: Year

This course will integrate civics, culture/cultural identity, economics, history, geography, and technology to examine eras and regions. US History will be addressed with a survey for 8th graders from Colonization through the Civil War. Wyoming Content and Performance Standards are addressed using project-based and inquiry-based models.

WORLD LANGUAGE 

LSP201 SPANISH I

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Year 

This class is designed for students who have had limited exposure and practice in Spanish, or never studied Spanish. The duration of this course is one year. The class will focus on basic Spanish language in all four domains (speaking, listening, reading, and writing). Students will learn the language and culture while building the skills necessary for communicating in a world language. They will learn common vocabulary such as greetings, colors, numbers, dates, classroom objects, and vocabulary needed for reading, writing, and speaking in Spanish. Students will begin to explore the Spanish-speaking cultures through their art, stories, geography, music, greetings, holidays, celebrations, and more. They will be able to compare cultural nuances between their own culture and Hispanic culture.

LSP202 SPANISH II

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Year 

Prerequisite: Spanish I or Placement Assessment 

Spanish 2 courses build upon skills developed in Spanish IA and IB, extending students’ ability to understand and express themselves in Spanish and increasing vocabulary in writing and reading. Students usually explore the customs, history, and art forms of Spanish-speaking people to deepen their understanding of the Spanish-speaking cultures and be able to compare Hispanic culture to their own.  Upon successful completion of Spanish 2, students should be ready for the high school Spanish 3 level.  

VISUAL ARTS 

 LAR202   STUDIO ART 1

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8                   Term: Semester

In this course, we will work to answer “What do artists do?” Throughout the semester students will explore drawing, collage, and painting techniques. Students will be interpreting and analyzing contemporary artistic themes, concepts, and artists who work within these mediums to generate their own original ideas. This class focuses on giving students the autonomy, ownership, and empowerment to engage in the artistic process with the hopes of cultivating the confidence for students to create independently.  Some mediums that may be explored are graphite, pastel, ink, colored pencil, collage as well as watercolor, gouache, and acrylic painting. This course can be repeated for credit. 

LAR201 STUDIO ART 2

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8                   Term: Semester 

Art II is designed for students who have completed Art 1 and have an interest in 

further developing themselves as artists. In this course, we will continue to work to answer, “What do artists do?” This exploration will take us through the creation of original artwork, the development of craft, communicating messages through art, and 

persisting with an artistic voice. Mediums that may be explored are charcoal, chalk 

pastel, oil pastel, watercolor, acrylic, colored pencil, printmaking, etc. 

This course can be repeated for credit. 

LAR203 3D SCULPTURE 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Semester 

This course is intentionally scheduled to create a focused block of time for students to deep dive into various dry sculpture-making techniques. Throughout the semester students will be exposed to hard and soft sculpture; wood, wire, cardboard, casting, fiber, and paper sculptures.  

                   CERAMICS

                           Grade open to:6 ,7,8 Term: Semester

Students, regardless of skill level, will hone clay hand-building skills, and glazing techniques, and be introduced to wheel throwing. This class will offer the ability for students to make interdisciplinary connections and will promote student autonomy and ownership of the artistic process.  

DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Semester

Introduces students to investigations of traditional and digital methods of photography and filmmaking. Students will gain an understanding of the basic principles of photography while also looking at its history and trends. Students will explore and create a portfolio of images and films that express personal meaning. 

CRAFTS 

Grade open to: 6,7,8 Term: Semester  

Crafts introduces basic craft skills and techniques. Crafts are traditionally, projects that serve a practical function in different cultures. This class will serve as an introduction to skills such as weaving, sewing, paper making, and functional clay projects, such as cups or mugs. The focus of this class is to create art with functionality. Students will also learn about the entrepreneurship of the art world and selling artwork. 

ART HISTORY & MUSEUM STUDIES 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8                                                                                         Term: Semester  

This class is a more academic art course that will introduce students to major movements in art history and rudimentary museum studies skills such as curating, preparatory work, marketing, and art conservation. The course will include classes at the UW Art Museum. 

ART OUTSIDE THE LINES 

Grade open to: 6,7,8 Term: Semester  

This course explores the power of art and science integration as it pertains to geology, earth sciences, biology, and technology. Students will explore graphite as a conduit, plein aire painting, scientific drawing and observation, art for conservation, natural paints and dyes, cyanotypes, and snow/ice sculptures.  

PERFORMING ARTS 

LMU204 BAND 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Year

This is an introductory/intermediate course for students who wish to learn or continue learning a traditional band instrument (woodwind, brass, and percussion). In collaboration with the instructor, students will perform repertoire drawn from many cultural settings  (e.g., concert, jazz, modern, folk, global), develop a wide variety of musical skills (e.g., instrument-specific techniques, decoding written notation and symbols, ear training, improvisation, composition), and will present their work in public performances—in groups and as individuals. Students will need to purchase books and accessories, but the school does have a limited inventory of instruments for students who cannot afford to purchase or rent their own instruments. Students will need to purchase Essential Elements Book 1 (and possibly Book 2, depending on the experience level of the group). All students are expected to perform in the concerts scheduled throughout the year. 

LMU202 CHORUS

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Year

This course is open to all students who love to sing and would like to continue to build skills and confidence in this area and apply these emerging skills in a group/ensemble setting. Repertoire from a wide variety of cultural settings and musical genres will be represented in the curriculum each semester. Repertoire will be selected based on a number of factors, including student interest, ability level, variety, cultural relevance, and the potential for interdisciplinary connections. In this course, students will develop a variety of musical skills (e.g., sight-singing and solfege, ear training, improvisation, singing in harmony, culture-specific techniques, and performance expectations). All students are expected to perform in the concerts scheduled throughout the year. It is highly recommended that students enroll for both semesters, however, they may enroll for one semester only.

LMU203 ORCHESTRA 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Year 

This group is open to all beginner/intermediate string musicians including violin, viola, cello, or string bass. Some school instruments may be available for students’ use. One year of successful study in this class prepares the student for one of the more advanced orchestras. Students who have not completed a full year of orchestra, or who need basic skills reinforced, must take this class before advancing to the intermediate orchestra class. Students are required to purchase a method book, rosin, and other materials needed for their instrument. All students are expected to perform in the concerts scheduled throughout the year. 

LMU201 GENERAL MUSIC 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Year

This course, which is open to all students, focuses on participatory music-making and skills for lifelong musical enjoyment and engagement. Although specific curricular experiences will be tailored to the unique needs and interests of course participants each semester, students will develop a wide variety of musical skills (e.g., learning to play guitar or ukulele, composing and arranging music using technology, playing Zim-marimbas and other "non-traditional" instruments, performing in smaller ensembles [e.g., modern/rock/jazz], completing interdisciplinary/integrated projects, and/or participating in musical theater). Students can enroll in this course for one semester only.

AGRICULTURE 

LAG200 INTRO TO AGRICULTURE 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Semester

The purpose of this course is to provide students with a basic understanding of the many branches of the agriculture industry. Students will be given the opportunity to learn a variety of different topics including: Defining Agriculture, History of Agriculture, Introduction to the FFA, Agriculture Technology and Production, Animal Production – Industry and terminology, Plant Production – Industry and terminology, Public Speaking & Presentation Skills, Agricultural Issues, Agricultural Advocacy, Agricultural Mechanics, and Agricultural Careers. Upon completion of this course, students will have a solid foundation of 

Agricultural Education and will have increased their knowledge in Agriculture, Science, and more. 

TECHNOLOGY, MEDIA, & STEM

LST200 DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 (required for grade 6 and new students) Term: Semester

In a world with exponentially improving technology, navigating media on the internet requires critical thinking skills. This course in digital citizenship empowers students to analyze, discuss, and reflect on a range of technological and societal topics. Students will participate in structured activities and discussions, covering themes such as social media, information sourcing, encryption, creative commons, data science, and more. Additionally, we'll emphasize the development of crucial skills for respectful, responsible conduct in shared digital spaces. Prepare to harness the power of media literacy as you navigate the complexities of our digital age!

LST201 COMPUTER SCIENCE I: INTRO TO COMPUTER SCIENCE

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Semester

Introduction to Computer Science allows students to discover the fascinating world of computer science through text coding and robotics in this dynamic middle school elective. It's a choose-your-own-adventure (with guidance) style course where students have the opportunity to explore HTML, C++, game design, app development, robotics, automation, and more. Throughout the semester, students will work on a mix of structured lessons and hands-on projects. There's room for creativity as you learn how to design and code your own games, apps, and electronic projects, and even delve into robotics and automation. Students wishing to take this class must first take Digital Citizenship. Bring your curiosity and enthusiasm for problem-solving! 

LST202 COMPUTER SCIENCE  II: DIGITAL FABRICATION

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8   (Limit to 15 students per semester) Term: Semester

Prerequisite: Intro to Computer Science

Digital Fabrication provides students with opportunities to apply the design process to creatively solve problems and express their artistic ideas through digital technology. Students are introduced to a wide variety of creative digital technologies, such as Photoshop, Illustrator, green screen, CAD, 3D printing, Cricut, movie editors, and so on. Students will have projects requiring working collaboratively and other projects where they may work independently. This class often collaborates with the Makerspace on campus. The course focuses on design and engineering processes. Only 12 students may be in this class per semester and will be enrolled based on teacher recommendation and student interest. Students wishing to take this class must first take CS I: Introduction to Computer Science.

LST203 COMPUTER SCIENCE  III: STEAM APPLICATIONS

Prerequisite: Intro to Computer Science

Grade open to: 7, 8 Term: Semester

STEAM Applications builds on the skills and practices of introductory computer science and Digital Fabrication and allows students to trace the history, development, and influence of automation and robotics as they learn about mechanical systems, energy transfer, machine automation, and computer control systems. Students will explore building and coding robotics on different platforms, such as Arduino, Raspberry PI, and Lego Mindstorms while applying design principles learned in previous CS classes. CS II: Digital Fabrication is a prerequisite for this course, otherwise extensive experience with coding and digital design through other programs should be demonstrated in advance.   

LLIB201 JOURNALISM (yearbook) 

Grade open to: 7, 8 Term: Year

Journalism is an advanced-level design and photography course in which students will create digital art, edit photos, and develop original and appealing publications. The primary focus of this course is to design the school’s yearbook from scratch. This process requires students to photograph events at the school, write articles, conduct interviews, develop the artwork that decorates the yearbook, and finally assemble these materials into a final book to be sold and distributed to their teachers and peers. This course utilizes a variety of software and materials to create the school’s yearbook and requires that students are serious about creating a publication that is memorable, engaging, and creative.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

LPE200 PHYSICAL EDUCATION 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Semester

This class is aimed at providing all students with opportunities to participate in a variety of physical activity experiences so that they are armed with the knowledge and skills to be confident lifetime movers. The units taught cover fitness concepts, movement, individual/dual activities, and team tactics/sports with a focus on skill development and an understanding of basic skills concepts as they apply to a variety of activities. 

LPE201 CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONING AND RESISTANCE TRAINING 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Semester

This is strictly an exercise class for students who are motivated to improve their physical fitness through participation in moderate to vigorous activity in a non-competitive setting.  Students must bring a change of clothing and clean gym shoes to class each day. 

LPE202 HEALTH AND WELLNESS 

Required for Grade 7 or Grade 8 students  new to Lab School Term: Semester

This course addresses Wyoming Health Education Content and Performance Standards for grades seven and eight. Students will explore health information, products, and resources; problem-solving and decision-making; effective communication; and personal and social responsibility. Mental health literacy, mindfulness, health relationships, social, emotional development, enhanced connectedness, and coping skills will be emphasized. 

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT 

LCON200 BUCKAROO CREW 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Semester

This course serves as a flexible period in which students are placed in skills-based groups for Intervention and Enrichment. This course also serves as an advisory period in which students are guided by staff in relationship-building, social skill-building, and development of emotional intelligence.

LCON201 STUDENT LEADERSHIP 

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Semester

Peer Tutors will assist younger students with basic skills in academics, socialization, and life skills. This course will also allow opportunities for school-wide positive behavior interventions (Meaningful Work) and restorative practices. Acceptance into the course will require an interview and teacher approval. Satisfactory (S) and unsatisfactory (U) grades will be given for this course. 

LCON202 NURSE/OFFICE ASSISTANT

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 Term: Semester

Students selected for mentoring by office/nursing personnel will learn 

LIN200 ACADEMIC INTERVENTIONS (SPECIALIZED INSTRUCTION)

Grade open to: 6, 7, 8 students with IEPs Term: Semester, Year

Students with individualized education plans (IEP’s) may be assigned to this course to work on personalized goals in the resource classroom.

Appendix A 

Math Placement Protocol 

The math placement protocol was developed to ensure equitable access to advancement opportunities for all students and to provide a systematic process for math education. Our goal is to provide the most appropriate math instruction for students at the middle school level across ACSD#1 to prepare them for the next step on their educational journey and beyond. Students will be placed in one of the three math sequences described below. 

Every effort will be made to appropriately place students upon their entry into middle school. Processes are described below to move students who have been misplaced to a more appropriate math class. Students and families can inquire about the appropriateness of a placement. The Lab School principal, in consultation with the math department, will determine if a student’s placement should be changed. Additional records from students’ previous schools may be needed to make this determination. 

Parent/student requests for acceleration must be made before the first ten days of the school year or within ten days of the student’s enrollment in the district.

Standard Sequence

Students must complete three years of high school math to meet graduation requirements at Laramie High School. Students must complete four years of high school math to meet the requirements for the highest level of the Hathaway Scholarship. Students may take Geometry and Algebra II concurrently at LHS to complete AP Calculus AB in their 12th grade year, if desired.

Algebra I Sequence 

Beginning in grade 6, UWLS students will be considered for accelerated math programming. Placement Criteria: 1) current math teacher recommendation, 2) Advanced or high end of Proficient (top 10% of proficient band) WY-TOPP historical data over two or more years, and 3) Students must maintain proficiency on each semester report card and advanced proficient on WY-TOPP to continue in sequence. An alternate standardized assessment, such as iReady or out-of-state records, may be considered in place of WY-TOPP.

Students must complete three years of high school math to meet graduation requirements at Laramie High School. Students must complete four years of high school math to meet the requirements for the highest level of the Hathaway Scholarship. Students may take Geometry and Algebra II concurrently at LHS to complete AP Calculus BC in their 12th grade year, if desired.

UW Lab School Schedule Change Request Form

Schedule changes may be requested to the principal or counselor within the first ten school days of the semester. Schedule changes are subject to availability and class size. 

Student’s Signature ______________________________ Date _______________

Parent/Guardian’s Signature  ________________________ Date _______________

Office Use Only

______________________________________________________________________

Date Received by Office _______________

• Approved

• Not Approved

Comments:

Administrator/Counselor’s Signature  ________________________ Date _______________